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This process essentially corresponds to computing the squared magnitude of the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) of the signal s ( t ). These spectrums or time plots are then "laid side by side" to form the image or a three-dimensional surface, or slightly overlapped in various ways, i.e. Each chunk then corresponds to a vertical line in the image a measurement of magnitude versus frequency for a specific moment in time (the midpoint of the chunk).
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Digitally sampled data, in the time domain, is broken up into chunks, which usually overlap, and Fourier transformed to calculate the magnitude of the frequency spectrum for each chunk. Ĭreating a spectrogram using the FFT is a digital process. The bandpass filters method usually uses analog processing to divide the input signal into frequency bands the magnitude of each filter's output controls a transducer that records the spectrogram as an image on paper. These two methods actually form two different time–frequency representations, but are equivalent under some conditions.
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Spectrograms may be created from a time-domain signal in one of two ways: approximated as a filterbank that results from a series of band-pass filters (this was the only way before the advent of modern digital signal processing), or calculated from the time signal using the Fourier transform. Spectrograms of light may be created directly using an optical spectrometer over time. Spectogram (generated with the freeware Sonogram visible Speech).
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Audio would usually be represented with a logarithmic amplitude axis (probably in decibels, or dB), and frequency would be linear to emphasize harmonic relationships, or logarithmic to emphasize musical, tonal relationships. The frequency and amplitude axes can be either linear or logarithmic, depending on what the graph is being used for. There are many variations of format: sometimes the vertical and horizontal axes are switched, so time runs up and down sometimes as a waterfall plot where the amplitude is represented by height of a 3D surface instead of color or intensity. A common format is a graph with two geometric dimensions: one axis represents time, and the other axis represents frequency a third dimension indicating the amplitude of a particular frequency at a particular time is represented by the intensity or color of each point in the image.